Friday, August 23, 2013

Women and Strength Training

Within the culture of fitness, a terrible myth has been circulated.  It jeopardizes the potential for a woman to truly experience and enjoy everything that her body is capable of doing.  While it is slowly being defeated among the female college, professional, and Olympic athletes; this myth still runs rampant among the general population.  Every day, thousands of women walk through the doors of a local fitness club or head outdoors in pursuit of a healthier body.  Yet most remain, at best, uninformed, and at worst, incorrectly educated into avoiding a true body-reshaping activity: heavy strength training.  I believe that there are three primary reasons for this:

1.       Incredibly poor representation in the media of how weightlifting will change the physical appearance of a woman’s body.
2.       A cultural misperception that a physically strong woman cannot be both strong and beautiful.
3.       A lack of proper education and instruction that dispels the first two reasons.

Let’s dive a little deeper into those.  Over that past thirty five years or so, mainstream media, in particular body building magazines, have typically shown women who are so muscular that they look manlier than most men.  These publications feature women who professionally compete as bodybuilders in national and international competitions.  For these women, lifting weights is their full time job.  Many, but not all, of these women use anabolic steroids as part of their training.  It is because the average person gets their information from these magazines that the idea that a woman will build massive muscle size and look bulky like a man has become a false truth.  And so, reason number two came into existence: a woman who strength trains will end up looking like a man, and, therefore, lose her beauty as a woman.  This is not true, and, unfortunately, many women have bought into this lie because of reason number three.

If most women avoid heavy weightlifting for fear of developing a masculine looking body they do so without understanding a fundamental difference between the male and female body.  This difference makes it impossible for a woman to naturally develop a man’s muscle size.   There is a simple explanation for why men can increase muscle size and strength while a woman can become incredibly strong without developing the same muscle size.  The answer to this lies in the difference in testosterone levels between men and women.  Yes, women have some testosterone, but the levels are seven to eight times lower than in men.  A research study published in 2010 in the Journal for Exercise and Sport Sciences found that the higher levels of estrogen produced in women participating in heavy strength training contributed to significant improvements in muscle strength, similar to what a man could expect with the same training, but not muscle size.  Women simply cannot increase the overall size of their muscles to the extent that a man because of naturally lower levels of testosterone.

Developing incredible physical strength while remaining distinctly feminine and beautiful is not only possible; it is a reality for any woman willing to take on the challenge.  Women whom take on this challenge will discover that physical strength enhances feminine beauty.

the majority of women whom strength-train do so with incredibly light weights and perform high numbers of repetitions.  The flaw with this type of training is that it places limits of physiology of the muscles by only training one type of muscle fiber. 

There are two primary types of muscle fiber within the human body: slow-twitch and fast-twitch.  These are also referred to as Type I and Type II muscle fibers.  Each type of muscle fiber responds to a different type of training.  To maximize fitness and improve body composition a comprehension training program must emphasize training that incorporates the use of all muscle fibers at some point of the program.

Slow-twitch, or Type I, muscle fibers produce low amounts of force during contraction, a slow contraction speed, and have a  high aerobic capacity, which delays fatigue.  These fibers are best suited for long duration, cardiovascular based exercise.  The longer a particular activity lasts the more these muscle fibers are utilized and trained. The muscles receive energy from the aerobic oxidation system, one of three different energy systems within the body.  This is important to understand because the aerobic oxidation system is the slowest system for delivering energy to the muscle cells.  These muscle fibers play the dominant role in any cardiovascular-based exercise, like running or biking that lasts longer than about two minutes.  When lifting weights this system is utilized any time the weight is light enough that more than 12-15 repetitions can be completed within a single set.  This is where the majority of women tend to spend their time when weight training.  Keep this thought in mind: Type I muscle fibers typically only comprise 45-50% of the total muscle fibers within the human body.  An example of a highly trained individual who is predominantly Type I fibers would be an elite marathon runner.

Fast twitch, or type II, fibers are more complex.  There are two subtypes of these fibers: fast twitch A and Fast Twitch B.  In general, fast twitch fiber are capable of great force production, faster contractions, and power outputs than Type I Fibers.  These are the fibers that are capable of big explosive, energetic bursts of strength and speed.  Fast twitch B fibers operate using the ATP-Cr energy system which provides the initial burst of energy for high intensity physical activity.  Activities like power lifting, sprinting, plyometric training are fuelled primarily by this system and rely on the fast twitch B fibers.  Targeting these muscle fibers when weight training requires using heavy enough weight that about 1-6 repetitions are all that can be completed in a set of any given exercise.  Typically these fibers are only engaged in high intensity activity lasting less than twenty seconds. 

Fast twitch A fibers are slightly more inclined towards aerobic capacity than Fast twitch B but both are less so than Type I fibers.  The fast twitch A fibers work using anaerobic glycolysis as an energy system.  This is the intermediate energy system that supports activity lasting from approximately twenty seconds to two minutes.   When weightlifting these muscle fibers tend to be recruited using moderate weights in which 7-12 repetitions may be completed.  The combination of Type II A and B fibers make up approximately half of the total muscle fibers within the body.

So what does this mean from a training standpoint?  It means that by training with light weights for a high number of repetitions (more than 12 per set), or, just performing long duration low intensity cardio, or, a combination of the two, trains only 45-50% of the body.

In other words, by neglecting the fast twitch fibers, a woman leaves 50% of her body’s potential untapped!

Ladies, if you are wondering why it is so difficult to change your body into the lean machine you want, the answer is here: CHANGE THE WAY YOU TRAIN!  Other than improving the quality of your nutritional program nothing will change your body faster than specifically targeting the half of your body that your current program is not touching.  I am not sure who said this, but it is one of the most accurate comments I have heard come out of the fitness community:

The only people who think women should not lift heavy weights are women who fear effort and men who fear strong women.
              
           Do not live your life, and especially, do not determine your health by someone else’s misconceptions.  Embrace the challenge of difficult exercises with heavy weight: Power Cleans, Hang Cleans, Front Squats, Back Squats, and Deadlifts.  Get under the bar and get results!


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